Parasite city all deaths
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For example, Simmons and Roberts (2005) used a standard half-sib breeding design to explore the tradeoffs between immunity and reproduction in the field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. The first is by examining the underlying genetic architecture of a suite of traits using quantitative genetics methods.
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The mechanisms maintaining this genetic variation are often unclear, but one pervasive element is due to genetic correlations between traits and evolutionary tradeoffs ( Bishop et al., 2004 Coltman, Pilkington, Kruuk, Wilson, & Pemberton, 2001 Cotter, Hails, et al., 2004).Įvolutionary costs of immunity can be uncovered in two main ways. Parasite load often has a significant heritable component ( Bishop, Jackson, Coop, & Stear, 2004 Smith, Wilson, Pilkington, & Pemberton, 1999 Uller, Olsson, & Madsen, 2003), which suggests that at least some of the parasite resistance mechanisms, including immunity, also exhibit heritable variation ( Coltman, Wilson, Pilkington, Stear, & Pemberton, 2001 Little & Ebert, 2000 Raberg, Stjernman, & Hasselquist, 2003). Cotter, in Advances in the Study of Behavior, 2013 2.7.1 Evolutionary and Maintenance Costs